Table Tennis free essay sample

Tennis sport got its start near the end of the 19th century in England. After dinner one night, some Victorians decided to turn their dinning room table into a miniature version of lawn tennis. They lines up books as a net, used lids from empty cigar boxes as rackets, and the ball was made from string (table tennis balls were also made from champagne corks or rubber). Started as an after dinner activity, over the years, table tennis would turn into a sport. The sport started out with many different names. Some called it â€Å"whif whaf† other called it â€Å" flim flam† other called it â€Å"gossamer†. The words chosen for the name were derived from the sounds that were made during the game. In 1901 it was registered by J. Jaques amp; Sons ltd as the sport called â€Å"ping pong†. It was later so to the Parker Brothers in the U. S. In 1920 the sport was revived, players supplemented celluloid balls as Ping Pong balls because they were a better fit for the game. The sport also adopted rubber on wooden paddles as rackets and a lower net to speed up the play of the game. Ping Pong changed into a more modern sport, one easier for everyone to play. The sport grew reaching out to the Asian countries; China, Korea, and Japan. From there the first world championship was held in London in 1927. Just before the event The ITTTF (international table tennis federation) was formed by a variety of European and Asian countries. In the 1960’s the French, Hungarians, and Swedish, professionally, ruled the sport. However, the Japanese and Chinese would soon rule the game. It started in 1952 a Japanese player named Horoi Satoh proposed the idea of a foam rubber paddle, which upped the speed of Ping Pong even more. The Japanese started putting spin on the ball, making it a game that required more skill to play. The spin technique introduced by the Japanese put mostly Japanese players at an advantage, thus the Japanese rule began. Afterwards the Chinese climbed to the top and ruled the sport up until the 1990’s, after the Swedish and Koreans in the 1988 Olympic games ended their domination. In the Cold war, China allowed nine American players into China to partake in the sport. These nine Americans were the first in China since the start of the Cold war. This was a sign that the Cold war was improving; it helped international relations with China. This brought two countries that were at odds together.

Psyc 410 essays Essays - American Psychological Association

Psyc 410 essays Essays - American Psychological Association You may write a 1,000-2,000 word book review on one of the books listed above (model: PsycCRITIQUES [see psychINFO]); examples, a guide to writing book reviews, and two brief good-writing guides are available at the Bb site. It will be worth 30 points (1 Test). If you write a book review AND take all 5 tests, I will throw out the lowest of the 6 scores. March Distinguish positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment. Distinguish the 3 forms of behaviorism. Phiscyoligiacal -padlock The purpose is to explain human Response , learning history, and reinforcements Methodlogical- It is something that scienece can not study and other peoples minds are private so you cant study their thoughts Radical behavior- skinner To exclude consiouness from psychology is a mistake that it should be included not just what you see Cognitive vs. non-cognitive theory Similarity and contiguity as laws of association Always automatic once they are associated The Blank Slate Not having any pre expose behaior Expose by herbet spencer he created this Which means evolution, where humans have the highest evolution. The bigger the brain the more the ideas The various patterns of temporal relation between CS and US If the condition stimulus is present from us stimulus it can then work the best Time can act as a condition stimulus as well Generalization and discrimination That the dog still answer to a type of tone as long as it is similar discrimination- when its completely different, if present a different stimulus they would present different shapes elipse and dog would learn to discrimante against if not presented with an award (reinformecment) Conditioning of excitation and inhibition Inhibition - goes to extinction when they thought the behavior was un learned by actually the dog di Conditioned emotional reaction Loud noise is associated with fear, kid and rat- see generalization, saw rabit scared too Law of Effect If you get a postive response they are more likey to do it again Pg 75 "Autonomous man" as attacked by Skinner sperates man from animal, with emtion, concepts and judements. He agrued against the theory. Shaping The graduall renforicemtn of an uncondition turing into condition Discriminated operant Pg 119 Partial reinforcement effect Pg 122 animals take longer to learn Tact, including self-tact and private tact Skinner concept Made up word he use for concept or idea for if you come in contact You absube what somebody is doing with their enviorment Self- we ask our self what we are doing, most people didn't like this concept Superstitious behavior Experiment done Pg 77 Hearst Skinner study it, but h. said Pigeon in a chamber- associated with reward Preparedness Cancer patient When they saw the nurse and doctor or the medication they became nauseous Animals do not associate sounds, its more taste Learned helplessness Pg 85 Criticize the traditional distinction of the 2 types of conditioning. Operant - skinner and thorndike 4.What did Thorndike mean when he said that reward "stamps in" an S-R connection? pg104 part of law and effect- without reward there is no 5.Be able to describe each major behavioral theorist's views on each of the basic issues about the nature and cause of learning. 6.Why did Skinner regard concepts such as " superego" or "habit strength" unnecessary in science? Because he is a behaviorist He believes that you cant prove it Pg 126 Habit strength- how long the response has been learned 7.What were Skinner's criticisms of existing methods in studying learning? Pg 124-125 8.How did Kohler and Voeks criticize claims that learning was a gradual process? Pg 78 He has worked with apes and found problem. Put a box in the room an apes would climb up and get banana and did this by insight 9.Distinguish positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment. 10.Contrast the stimulus substitution and cognitive theories of Pavlovian conditioning. Dogs would still come if not meat just by ring of the bell 11.How does Siegel explain drug addiction as a form of Pavlovian conditioning? Pg 91 12.What was the political appeal of the Blank Slate idea?Why are fears of refuting the Blank Slate idea misplaced? The video on sylabus- theory said that it supports the idea that you can create a good Appeal it because There would be no idenetiy and you cant change 13.How does Pinker link decline in elite art to the rise of belief in the Blank Slate idea? Pg 78 14. Define and give examples of the continuity and discontinuity views of learning. 15.Describe E.R. Guthrie's position on learning and how he believed tasks were learned, using an example. 16. Describe the two theories used to explain partial reinforcement and name