Business Leadership

Business Leadership Initiative Development Contemporary business the board systems expect organizations to have legitimate authority and powerful assets usage; pioneers are commanded with the assignment of sanctioning key administration approaches that will empower their association achieve competitiveness.Advertising We will compose a custom proposition test on Business Leadership explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Organization ought to have projects to create administration aptitudes in their human capital; association with viable authority improvement programs have smooth progress and progression plans (Milkovich Newman, 2006). This paper traces a program of authority improvement in contemporary business conditions. Writing audit Leadership improvement Management researchers are of the sentiment that each individual can possibly lead and impact others; in any case, the abilities and capacity should be natured and created. Accentuation on authority improvement showed up in the 1980 ’s in the period of key administration idea advancement. From that point forward the zone has experienced various advancements with the board masters thinking of new methodologies. Authority improvement involves instituting strategies that will help representatives to get the certainty and dependability required for settling on quality business choices. At the point when initiative has been created in an association, it encourages the development of employee’s imaginativeness, and creativity; there is a lot of connection between employees’ strengthening, their inventiveness and ingenuity (Paauwe, 2009). Cooperative initiative advancement structures To create authority abilities inside an association, the executives has the job of making suitable workplace that will fabricate the aptitudes, have the patient of seeing representatives create and use their administration aptitudes. There has been emotional move of information; economies have produced a whirlwind of enthusiasm for work environment inventiveness and advancement; concentrated on the need to build up the scholarly administration limit of representatives in the wave to build up their authority abilities. While having initiative advancement programs, chiefs should concentrate on supporting, instructing, creating, and preparing their human capital on the best authority/the executives styles.The changing business conditions have required the need to have profoundly engaged staff to partake in dynamic; with the calling, pioneers have no alternative other than to create successful administration programs.Advertising Looking for proposition on business financial matters? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Today’s business condition expects associations to create solid capacities to develop for long haul achievement and endurance. This expects organizations to create inventive workplace and create imaginative items and administr ations; the above serious attributes can possibly happen if the administration has sanctioned compelling ability advancement and initiative improvement programs. Imaginative workplaces are required for strengthening of representatives since they are the stages that strengthening harps on; they ought to be allowed to use their dynamic limit as this will encourage development in their initiative abilities. The executives masters discover that innovativeness and advancement can be seen as firmly related develops as they display huge cover in qualities; to encourage the conversation introduced in the later piece of this area, it is basic to have an away from of the two builds. While authorizing initiative improvement programs, there is requirement for coordinated effort of all administration positions to make a decent sustaining condition. Workers ought to be allowed to take an interest in dynamic as this improves their certainty and develops their intellectualism (McGoldrick, Stewart W atson, 2001). End When executing a viable administration advancement program in an association, the executives ought to draw in their subordinates in dynamic and giving them good workplace that encourages the development of their intellectualism. Business pioneers should support, mentor, train, and guide their workers on the best dynamic methodology as administration involves making quality, solid, convenient, and responsive choices. References McGoldrick, J., Stewart, J., Watson, S. (2001). Hypothesizing Human Resource Development. Human Resource Development International, 4(3), 287-290Advertising We will compose a custom proposition test on Business Leadership explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Milkovich, T.,Newman, J. (2006). Pay. eighth ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. Paauwe, J. (2009). HRM and Performance: Achievement, Methodological Issues and Prospects. Diary of Management Studies, 46 (1), 123

Discuss Concepts of Attachment in Human Development Free Essays

string(122) kids on the ends of the week to compensate for the time they have been working and they have missed using with their child. Talk about ideas of connection in human turn of events. What suggestions does this have for a general public wherein most of Mothers are utilized outside the home? Connection is the bond and warmth made by two individuals. It is a need created in individuals since we are destined to have a sense of safety and safe. We will compose a custom exposition test on Examine Concepts of Attachment in Human Development or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now As per Bowlby, this hypothesis is a feeling association individuals produce when they are conceived where they get genuinely related to parental figures, ordinarily the mother, making to a passionate response when this association of connection is in harm's way or gone. (Worden 1991) Lasing mental connectedness between human beings† The parental figure is providing for the child a passionate security required for the advancement of the infant. (Hospice Slo) This connection among infant and parental figure can be mostly supplanted when the infant develops and gets included for longer timeframes during the day with other individuals yet it is critical to keep the baby near the fundamental guardian to improve child’s possibility of endurance. Birth includes changes and alterations, torment and bliss and fresh starts (Kubler-Ross 1981) Key Features of Bolby’s hypothesis of Attachment. Monotropy: Babies are emphatically joined to the guardian who is ordinarily the moth er, and this connection takes its structure on the primary year of life. - If connection with the mother has not occurred by age 2, it will be practically difficult to alter it, considerably following a half year of the baby’s life; it would make it exceptionally troublesome. - Secure connection to the parental figure is significant for a future passionate, social and scholarly turn of events. - Once connection is made, on the off chance that it gets interfered with it can prompted huge results on social, scholarly and enthusiastic turn of events. Proportional: The connection is structure in a two way. - Critical period. Between a half year and 2 years is most significant period where the child and the parental figure ought to be near making a bond. - Maternal hardship. As Bowlby portrays it, it is the genuine formative debilitation brought about by being isolated from the mother in earliest stages. (Kubler-Ross 1981) Having as a main priority the speculations of connection a s indicated by Bowlby and the repercussions whenever intruded on, we can express the presence of a solid freedom among mother and infant. We can comprehend that this bond between infant/little child and parental figure can't be forever followed. When all is said in done, the moms, after a conceiving an offspring, have made the connection and get associated with the infant yet sooner or later, a large portion of them should return to a beneficial life and join their activity again in the event that they had one, as most ladies will be obliged to add to the necessities of the family’s funds so she will be compelled to appoint the undertaking of thinking about the child after only a couple of months of the baby’s life. That doesn't mean the connection will be broken however the child will invest some energy during the day cared for by a subsequent gathering. The infant will be responsive and make a passionate association between the new parental figure once the guardian is responsive and recognizable. (Berger 1983) This isn't an excursion by decision more often than not. It would be more prominent if the mother could remain nearby to home and spotlight straightforwardly on what is all in all correct to be certain that her way is associated with the kid. (Kornfield 1988) The errand of taking care of the infant while the mother is working could be allowed to a second gathering in the family, for instance grandparents in the event that they can deal with the youngster or some other family member. A babysitter or newborn child day care are some different decisions to accomplish the correct consideration for the infant. When the errand of carer has been relegated, the infant will be isolated of his mom for a large portion of the day and new connections will be framed, however the primary one will be the bond among mother and youngster. This change could be lived by the kid in an extremely bothered manner as new individuals or odd individuals will be thinking about him and it could be upsetting for the mother if the bonds are excessively close. As upsetting as it could be for the youngster this adjustment throughout everyday life and condition could be a vital move for the kid to begin learning various things, communicate with others or kids and start new revelations. Moms consistently believe is more secure to leave kids with family relates, yet depending the age, childcare could be an ideal choice for a kid. When the newborn child is around 2 years of age, being presented to other kids will assist with creating and the beginning of associations with others or children, so from being the primary character in his home, youngsters will figure out how to associate with other kids or individuals with the end goal of social developing. The dad, who in a typical circumstance would have built up a bond with the youngster however in a littler scope than the mother, he will make nearer passionate association with his kid as he will have greater obligation sharing the assignments and thinking about the infant. Cowan 1993) Having referenced what connection implies for parental figure/mother and infant and the adjustments in present day life, we can address how this influences the functioning mother, the family and the kid. Long haul concentrate by University College London has contemplated the case and impact in small kids when their moms need to go to work and build up an expert vocation. The ends have been uncovering that the children presented to this circumstance are not hurt genuinely or socially by being left with family, family members or day care alternative and they would had a similar conduct so there were no progressions with the nonappearance of the parental figure. A few explores called attention to that there are no huge contrast between the time a working mother or a housewife commit to their youngsters, as the working moms repay the thoughtfulness regarding their kids on the ends of the week to compensate for the time they have been working and they have missed consuming with their kid. You read Talk about Concepts of Attachment in Human Development in classification Paper models Psychologists’ point that it is increasingly significant the quality not the amount of time went through with her kids. The way that the mother can build up an expert vocation can assist with lifting her confidence and that will be transmitted to the kids rather the mother leaving for her youngsters which it can prompt a dissatisfaction and gloom and these could likewise be transmitted to the kids and influence their day life and their conduct. This contextual investigation leaded to some different repercussions with respect to youngsters sexual orientation and various circumstances in the family unit which we can fault to some broken parental issues. (Meikle) The UCL Center for Pediatric Epidemiology and Biostatics study expresses that youngsters which are left in caring focuses or took care of by family members have less fortunate dietary propensities, had increasingly inclinations to drink sweet beverages among suppers and they were a normal of two hours every day before the TV or the PC than the kids who were full time cared for by the mother. These announcements connect to value that working guardians have less time to furnish their kids with an equalization diet and chances for physical action driving kids to a higher danger of weight. (Diary of Epidemiology and Community Health) Another examination by the University College London expresses that there were no inconvenient impacts for youngsters if the mother returns to work however that children’s wellbeing and passionate prosperity could support if the separation occurs in early existence of the kid. Dr Anne McMunn concurs with a portion of the announcements above and she pointed that youngsters took care of by the mother full time had the most conduct troubles. (Ross, T, Barker, C) She additionally expressed that working moms are bound to have higher instructive capabilities which would permit them to live in a higher class in the public eye, with greater wages and have lower prospects of getting discouraged than non working moms. These elements clarify the degrees of social troubles for guys of non working moms, however it would not be a similar case for young ladies. (McMunn, A) The American Psychological Association, in Washington, D. C has examined the instance of families with low livelihoods and the advantages in kids if moms go to work. Youngsters in a low class family will profit more if the mother fills in as there will be a money related soundness in the family unit and the mother will turn into a model job to follow for the family. Their contextual analysis was situated in moms coming back to work at early age of the kids (ideally practically straight away subsequent to conceiving an offspring) giving an aftereffect of advantages for the kids and the family. On the opposite side, moms who return to work after her youngsters turns 3 years of age, these kids will in general have accomplishment issues in school, social issues and lead issues, accepting that it was vastly improved a previous beginning for the mother to join work. Accomplishing more research on center and high society families, youngsters who were left in childcares were somewhat bound to see diminishes in accomplishment, proposing that families with no monetary issues may not see useful for the mother to return to work while kids are youthful. These investigations occurred in USA and they concur there is no help for new moms as far as flexi time and maternity leave approaches and that having more assistance to orchestrate additional time with their infants could just have constructive outcomes for kids. Thompson, R. L) United Nations Children’s Fund announced that youngsters in UK are presented to hazard as moms join work too early leaving babies in day care, babysitters and they referenced it lessens the enthusiastic advantage and behaviourally

Upcoming scholarships and deadlines COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Upcoming scholarships and deadlines COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The SIPA Financial Aid Office maintains a database of external funding opportunities, and we wanted to alert students to some upcoming application deadlines. For more external scholarship awards, visit our External Fellowships and Funding Sources  page. American Water Works Association Scholarships Requirements: Scholarships for students pursuing careers related to water supply and related fields Deadline: December 2, 2019 Margaret McNamara Education Grants Requirements: Applicants must be at least 25 years old at the time of the application deadline, a national of a country listed on the MMEG Country Eligibility list, enrolled for a full academic term after award and not related to a World Bank Group, IMF or Inter-American Development Bank. Deadline: January 15, 2020 Boren Graduate Fellowships Requirements: Applicants must be US citizens planning an overseas program that meets home institution standards in a country outside of Western Europe, Canada, Australia or New Zealand. Deadline: January 29, 2020 Lint Center for National Security Scholarships Requirements: Scholarships provided to Counterintelligence and National Security Workers, their children and scholars, and to advance the study of National Security, cross-cultural studies, and global understanding. Deadline: January 31, 2020 Straus Historical Society Scholarship Requirements: Applicants must be US citizens preparing for a career in public service. Deadline: January 31, 2020

To what extent is society influenced by and organised around popular culture - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2369 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Culture Essay Type Analytical essay Tags: Pop Culture Essay Did you like this example? For instance, do the releases of major films, or the spread in popularity of certain novels and songs, have a significant effect on social relations and ritual? Discuss, focusing on recent examples, in light of sociological theory. This essay will examine the extent to which society may be influenced by and organised around popular culture. An introductory section will define key terms, before going on to analyse the opening question through a sustained focus on one key area of popular culture, that of television and its audiences. The essay will restrict itself to UK programming and scheduling. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "To what extent is society influenced by and organised around popular culture?" essay for you Create order Following sections will assess the possible effects on social relations and on ritual, and will incorporate relevant sociological theories, approaches and concepts, and in particular a focus on the concept of ideology. The main thrust of the essay will be from a Marxist perspective, and will use ideas derived from Karl Marx and his successors in left-wing sociological thought. Storey (2001, pp. 1 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 16) defines popular culture as being conceptualised in several different, though overlapping, ways. Often, for Storey (2001, p. 1), popular culture is an empty conceptual category always defined in contrast to other conceptual categories: folk culture, mass culture, dominant culture, working-class culture and so on. Storey (2001, pp. 1 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 15) offers six working start-points: first, that popular culture is simply that which is well liked with many people. In television terms, we might examine programmes or channels with high viewerships, or who cater to a general audience rather than to a niche. Second, that popular culture is whats left over when high culture or art is discounted, that its the preserve of ITV or ITV2 rather than, say, Sky Arts or BBC4, channels that feature content we might understand as high culture, such as Proms concerts and biographies of arts movements. Storeys third definition is of popular culture as being a mass culture. This is seen as a pejorative, in that (Storey, 2001, p. 9) such output is over-commercialised and bland, offering easy unthinking (and often American) entertainment. Notable work was done by the Frankfurt School of post-Marxist theorists such as Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer, in this regard. Fourth of Storeys definitional possibilities refers to popular culture as being authentic folk culture of the people, as opposed to that which is provided to them by cultural and economic elites. Storey (2001, p. 10) critiques this as being overly-romanticised, with a definitional issue in unders tanding quite who the people might be, and an avoidance of the capitalist context in which much popular culture is produced and disseminated. Could there really be, with the possible exception of community television services (Ponsford, 2014) such as those offered in some UK localities examples include London Live and the Humber regions Estuary TV a folk television that would be popular according to this potential definition? The fifth of Storeys definitions, and the one that his writing leans towards supporting, draws upon Italian Marxist Antonio Gramscis concept of hegemony. Hegemony is the term given to the intellectual and cultural domination of the people by elites over and above that physical domination which may be achieved through political and cultural organisations and ultimately the rule of law backed by force in the operation of those elites. A hegemonical approach, for Gramsci, explains how and why the people are controlled; it is done through their implied consent through inaction. Storey (2001, p 10) develops this, seeing the popular culture is not necessarily a mechanism for domination and control, but a site of negotiation; there are processes of incorporation and resistance, moving along at least two axes. The first of these axes (Storey, 2001, p10) is historical; a programme such as the BBC 1980s sitcom The Young Ones may be anarchic and subversive on one generation, but safely nostalgic in another. The second axis is synchronic, so that the perceived cultural value or status of a given text or practice may move between resistance and incorporation at any given moment (Storey, 2001, p. 10). The recently-cancelled BBC programme Top Gear may be simultaneously controversial, anarchic, morally conservative, patriarchal, classist and/or safely bland entertainment depending on ones reading of the programme (Baird, 2014). Storey (2001, pp. 1 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 16) goes on to outline five competing definitions of ideology. First, there is th e perhaps straightforward notion of ideology as a coherent system of concepts and ideas understood by a defined group of people. Second, the definition of ideology as that which masks a truth beneath; an ideology is a distortion of the true picture that is passed off as truth itself. Here, there is a question of inequalities in power to be perhaps considered when looking at examples; this will be considered with regards to television scheduling, in the next section. The third of the definitions that Storey considers relates to the ways in which cultural texts (such as individual television episodes or whole series of shows) present a consistent worldview. Such a worldview may be deliberately skewed, and thus, in Storeys terms, be both political and ideological. Storeys fourth definition draws on the work of Louis Althusser, whose main contention is to see ideology not simply as a body of ideas but as a material practice (Storey, 2001, p. 4). Habits, routines and customs have the effect, according to this perspective, of capturing us inside the social order; television viewership will be examined with this in mind. The fifth and final of Storeys definitional aspects of ideology draws on Roland Barthes work, particularly his notion that (Storey, 2001, p. 5) ideology operates mainly at the level of connotations, and that subconscious inferences are provoked or allowed to be drawn that favour hierarchies and power-wielders in society. So, popular culture is definitionally challenging and may be the site of top-down attempts to control or persuade the population towards the interests of social elites, and my also be the site also of what Storey (2001, p. 10) terms struggle between the resistance of subordinate groups in society and the forces of incorporation operating in the interests of dominant groups in society. For Croteau and Hoynes (2003, p. 15) mass media, of which television is a significant aspect, plays a crucial role in almost all aspects of daily life its social significance extending beyond communication and entertainment, affecting how we learn about the world and interact with each other. Television is a dominant medium, there being over 95% of UK households having at least one television set according to regulatory body Ofcom (BBC, 2014). Its penetration exceeds that of the internet, with only 73% of UK homes having domestic internet connections (Office for National Statistics, 2013). Our experience of major political events, such as the 2015 UK general election, is a mediated one; we experience it through our laptops, smart phones and through our television screens as much, if not more, than our unmediated selves do. So the ways in which politics are represented on our screens may have importance for our understanding of politics. Often, as in the 2015 election, issues may be simplified or essentialised; the current vogue for leader debates perhaps inevitably focusing on the personalities and performance of the party l eaders, rather than on issue-based and record-based politics (BBC, 2015). Though the digital switchover has complicated the situation somewhat, offering the Freeview service of over 40 mostly niche channels to all viewers, (Evening Standard, 2012), the main (and former terrestrial channels in the pre-2012 days of analogue broadcast) channels: BBC 1 and 2, ITV, Channels 4 and 5, operate a system whereby schedules are designed according to viewership. The viewing day is divided into a number of time zones. The most important time zone is peak time, or prime time à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ from 7 p.m. to 10.30 p.m., and it is at that time that the television audience is largest (Stewart, Lavelle Kowaltzke, 2001, p. 235). Correspondingly, this is when the channel will broadcast its best-performing shows. The TV schedule in itself may provoke a form of social ritual; people gather communally at the same time in their own homes to watch their favourite shows. Being able to hold conversation s and opinions about soap opera storylines, reality contest contestants, televised sports events, new dramas and the like, is an aspect of everyday life. The perception of such a communal experience may be seen as a positive, a kind of social glue uniting the imagined community of the citizenship of the UK (Benedict Anderson, 1981). Alternatively, it may be seen as a negative; a site of the kind of hegemonic processes warned about by Gramsci as outlined above. A sample view of an evenings viewing may illustrate this. Taking the BBC1 prime time 7 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 10.30 p.m. schedule for Tuesday 25th August 2015 as a snapshot specimen (Radio Times, 2015), the schedule runs thus: The One Show, EastEnders, Holby City, New Tricks, the Ten OClock News. EastEnders and Holby City are long-running soap operas. The One Show is a weekday magazine programme offering celebrity interviews and light entertainment features. Both Holby City and New Tricks offer public service employees (the NHS and the police respectively) in the course of their daily duties. Different approaches, as summarised above, might take different views of these programmes. A mass culture approach, for example, might critique the formulaic nature of each of these programmes, and their rote characters and situations going beyond that to concern itself with the ways in which audiences are lulled into accepting the preferred or dominant reading. These might include: an acceptance of celebrity and the trappings of success as worthy of merit and positive comment in a capitalist society, a focus on the fake problems of soap opera others than on your own problems and issues, an acceptance of the power and authority of the state and its agents, as represented here by the NHS and the loveable curmudgeons of the character-actor cast of police comedy-drama New Tricks. That, though, may be overly negative an approach. Audiences are active, and not necessarily passive. The dominant reading is not the onl y possibility; oppositional or resistant readings are made when a person finds their own life experiences are at odds with the views in the text (Stewart, Lavelle Kowaltzke, 2001, p. 27). Negotiated readings are made when mental negotiations are needed to overcome some disagreement with the text (Stewart, Lavelle Kowaltzke, 2001, p. 27). Over time, sociological positions have shifted from a media effects perspective, where a simplistic sender-receiver or hypodermic needle à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" model of communication assumed that audiences would passively take in what was broadcast or otherwise transmitted to them towards more inclusive models (Branston and Stafford, 2006, 271). Television audiences are engaged, active and perhaps increasingly pro-active about their viewing. Models of audience behaviour such as the uses and gratifications model focus not on the television programme but on the audience and emphasises what the audiences and readerships of media products do with them , power being positioned not with the broadcaster but with the consumer, who navigates and negotiates constantly to gratify their own needs and their particular interests (Branston and Stafford, 2006, 275 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 6). In an age of real-time commentary on television viewing through social media services such as Facebook and Twitter, the active and engaged audience member may add their own voice, and interact with others adding their own, all from their sofa, or though time-shifting and on-demand services such as the BBCs iPlayer service, can resist, create or subvert the schedules by devising their own should they wish. This essay has approached the question of social ritual and relations in popular culture by focusing on television schedules and audiences. It has suggested that there is an importance attached to popular culture and its study, and that there are, and have been over time, a range of theoretical alternatives put forward to better understand the ways in whi ch texts and audience engagement may be analysed. This essay has focused on Marxist and post-Marxist approaches, though there are others. The fact of the television schedule implies a set of social rituals; communal viewing at specified times and comment on them as a form of social glue as examples. The social relations we have in an interconnected society are perhaps necessarily mediated ones, and television remains a if not the dominant broadcast, entertainment and communications medium. For that alone it deserves serious study. The essay assert that audiences may best be conceptualised as active and engaged, and in the age of social media, that serves to reinforce the network of social relations and rituals underpinned by our experiences of watching, commenting and interacting with television programming. Bibliography Anderson, B. (1991) Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. New York: Verso Books. BBC (2014) Number of UK homes with TVs falls for first time. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-30392654 (Accessed: 25 August 2015). BBC (2015) Election 2015: Seven-party TV debate plan announced. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-30955379 (Accessed: 26 August 2015). Baird, D. (2014) Jeremy Clarksons past Top Gear controversies. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/media/2014/may/01/top-gear-jeremy-clarkson-top-10-controversial-moments-bbc (Accessed: 25 August 2015). Branston, G. and Stafford, R. (2006) The Media Students Book. 4th edn. London: Routledge. Briggs, A. and Burke, P. (2010) Social History of the Media: From Gutenberg to the Internet. 3rd edn. Cambridge: Wiley, John Sons. Croteau, D. R. and Hoynes, W. D. (2002) Media/Society: Industries, Images and Audiences. 3rd edn. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. Curran, J. and Morley, D. (eds.) (2006) Media and Cultural Theory. London: Taylor Francis. The Young Ones (1982) Directed by Paul Jackson [TV]. London: BBC. Lavelle, M., Kowaltzke, A. and Stewart, C. (2001) Media and Meaning: An Introduction. London: British Film Institute. Long, P. and Wall, T. (2009) Media Studies: Texts, Production and Context. Harlow, England: Pearson Longman. Meikle, G. Y. and Young, S. (2012) Media Convergence: Networked Digital Media in Everyday Life. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. ONS (2013) Internet Access Households and Individuals, 2013. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/rdit2/internet-accesshouseholds-and-individuals/2013/stb-ia-2013.html (Accessed: 25 August 2015). Ponsford, D. (2014) First 19 UK local TV stations gear up for launch with Lebedev betting  £45m on London Live. Available at: https://www.pressgazette.co.uk/first-19-uk-local-tv-stations-gear-launch-lebedevs- %C2%A345m-london-live-leading-way (Accessed: 25 August 2015). Radio Times (2015) UK TV listings schedule Whats on TV tonight?. Available at: https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/tv-listings?sd=25-08-2015%2020:00 (Accessed: 26 August 2015). Storey, J. (2001) An Introduction to Cultural Theory and Popular Culture. 3rd edn. Athens: University of Georgia Press. The end of analogue TV: Digital switchover is complete (2012) Available at: https://www.standard.co.uk/news/techandgadgets/the-end-of-analogue-tv-digital-switchover-is-complete-8223940.html (Accessed: 26 August 2015).

Essay on Marilyn Monroe and Borderline Personality Disorder

Marilyn Monroe is a well-known legend and has been a public figure for several decades. Monroe was a distinguished model, actress, and singer, who quickly became known as a major sex symbol. Monroe starred in a large number of successful motion pictures during the late 1940s and early 1960s. She began her career as a model, which led to a film contract in 1946. Throughout her career, Monroes films grossed more than $200 million (Marilyn Monroe Biography, 2013). Marilyn Monroe swiftly became more known to the public for her behavior and outlandish actions; she was eventually diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder. Background History Marilyn Monroe was born on June 1, 1926 in Los Angeles, California. Monroe was originally given†¦show more content†¦She was also often anxious and had moderate colds and coughs. Marilyn Monroe spent the majority of her early years living in a fictional world she created as an escape from reality. She sometimes told the other children in her orphanage eccentric tales about her having loving parents who had just went on a trip. Monroe would create fake postcards, she would sign from her parents to go along with her story (Spoto, 1993, p. 47). She had also managed to convince herself that Clark Gable was her father, although it was not a possibility (Spoto, 1993, p. 45; 54). After growing up in orphanages, Marilyn realized the only way to be released from the foster system was to get married. Marilyn Monroe decided to drop out of high school and marry her boyfriend at the time. Her first husband was a merchant marine by the name James Dougherty (Hendrickson, 2000). Dougherty was much older than Monroe who was then only sixteen years old. Although like the marriages to her other two husbands, Joe DeMaggio and Arthur Miller did not last for various reasons. Factors Contributing to Mental Illness One can point out many factors could have led or contributed to Marilyn Monroe being diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder. As stated in her back ground history she had many stressful events throughout her childhood and adult life. Monroe’s childhood was filled with poverty. The simple fact of Monroe’s mother being diagnosed with a mental illness posed a greater treat of herShow MoreRelatedMarilyn Monroe s Fight Against Mental Disorder1468 Words   |  6 PagesMarilyn Monroe’s Fight Against a Mental Disorder One of the most famous and iconic women in history, known by the name of Marilyn Monroe, lived a life of a star in the views of thousands of fans. From her beauty to her beautiful, bubbly personality, and the fame she acquired through movies and photographs might be the world to many, but for Marilyn it was worthless. Her exterior expressed happiness and pure bliss in front of the cameras, but nobody seem to pay attention to what was going on in herRead MoreA Case Study And Treatment Plan For Marilyn Monroe Essay4865 Words   |  20 PagesTreatment Plan for Marilyn Monroe: Borderline Personality Disorder Anita Daswani deMena Hodges University June 12, 2015 Abstract There are many factors which may have had an effect on Marilyn Monroe’s psychological state. I will attempt to prove in my case study and treatment plan, that if Marilyn Monroe had lived in the time period we live in today she would have been better able to be overcome her struggle with mental illness. If treated for Borderline Personality Disorder (F60.3/ 301.83)Read MoreMarilyn Monroe Essay1555 Words   |  7 Pagesrecognized faces in the world. Over forty years after her death, Marilyn Monroe‘s life and death is still in question. Her trademark platinum hair and beauty mark, her famous skirt-blowing scene, which eventually she became ashamed of because no one could see the woman who was intellectual had feelings and worked hard behind the glitter, the gold and the smiles. Everyone knew this Marilyn Monroe, but did anybody know Norma Jeane Baker? Marilyn Monroe was a Hollywood icon, maybe even a legend, but who was thisRead MoreBorderline Personality Disorder ( Bor derline )1749 Words   |  7 Pages Borderline Personality Disorder Could you picture yourself being brought face to face with an individual who has a personality similar to a mine field? In other words where or when he/she will explode is never known. This type of personality disorder is called borderline personality disorder. Borderline Personality Disorder is one of the most scariest and hidden disorders that have baffled our society as well as many health professionals for many years. The DSM IV defines borderline personalityRead MoreBorderline Personality Disorder - Understanding It, History, Treatment, Closing - Includes Outline and Bibliography2680 Words   |  11 PagesOUTLINE I.Understanding Borderline Personality A.Common Stereotypes B.Characteristics Symptoms 1.Fear of Abandonment 2.Impulsivity Self-Damaging Behavior 3.Difficulty Controlling Anger 4.Brief Psychotic Episodes C.Prevalence in Society 1.Celebrity Film Example II.History of Classification A.Personality Organization B.Atypical Form of Other Personality Disorders C.Independent Disorder III.Causal Contributory Factors A.Psychoanalytic 1.Object-Relations Theory 2.DevelopmentalRead MoreMarilyn Monroe, Born Norma Jeane Mortensen2066 Words   |  9 PagesJune 1, 1926 Marilyn Monroe, born Norma Jeane Mortensen, was born in Los Angeles California. Growing up, Marilyn had a difficult childhood. She never knew who her father was and her mother tried to smother her while she was in her crib. She grew up in foster care and in orphanages. She was sexually assaulted many times and says that at the age of 11 she was raped. At one point in her life she believed that Clark Gable was her father but there was no proof that he knew her mother. Marilyn dropped outRead MoreLinda Lynn Hog An Exotic Dancer Essay2017 Words   |  9 Pageswhich she claims she devoted her life. The marriage to Billy was short lived, and within a year after the birth of their son, she divorced him (Anna, 2008). She was not content with small town life. Smith quoted that, She was going to be the next Marilyn Monroe. As a single mother, Vickie worked multiple low paying jobs like: Wal-Mart, and then became an exotic dancer. Exotic dancing was done under various assumed names for which she became known as Anna Nicole Smith. While dancing Anna scoped outRead More Women, Beauty and Self-Esteem Essay5143 Words   |  21 Pagesand hips, small breasts, and bobbed hair and was physically and socially active. Women removed the stuffing from their bodices and bound their breasts to appear young and boyish. In the 1940s and 1950s, the ideal returned to the hourglass shape. Marilyn Monroe was considered the epitome of the voluptuous and fleshy yet naive and childlike ideal. In the 1960s, the ideal had a youthful, thin, lean body and long, straight hair. American women dieted relentlessly in an attempt to emulate the tall, thinRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesCore Self-Evaluation Scale 103 Scoring Key 103 Comparison Data 103 2 MANAGING PERSONAL STRESS 105 SKILL ASSESSMENT 106 Diagnostic Surveys for Managing Stress 106 Stress Management Assessment 106 Time Management Assessment 107 Type A Personality Inventory 108 Social Readjustment Rating Scale 109 Sources of Personal Stress 111 SKILL LEARNING 112 Improving the Management of Stress and Time 112 The Role of Management 113 Major Elements of Stress 113 Reactions to Stress 114 Coping with Stress

North-west Frontier Province and National Peace Award Free Essays

Being only sixteen years old did not matter squat to Malala Yousafazi. In a short fourteen years, she has won fame for fighting for peace, womens rights, and humanity. Last year, she won the National Peace award in Pakistan for all her efforts. We will write a custom essay sample on North-west Frontier Province and National Peace Award or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 2009—at only the age of 11—she fought Taliban insurgency that tried to take over her village of Swat. She wanted to set up her own political party which would campaign the right of young Pakistani girls to education. This girl—this heroine—was shot by a member of the Taliban, in the head and the neck, and is now in critical condition. The Taliban called her work â€Å"obscenity†. I call it heroism. They tried to silence this girl forever—they tried, and are still trying, to silence the ideas of freedom and rights and equality forever. But they will not win this war, not while human beings like Malala Yousafzai breathe and fight. An army chief called Malala â€Å"an icon of courage and hope†. She’s more than that, much more. She’s the dawn of a new generation, the leader of a revolution in which humanity and justice prevails over the whole world. Malala, she stand as a role model for every girl in the world, to fight for what we believe in, no matter what the cost. she’ve brought a beautiful gift to the world, and to Pakistan, the gift of belief; belief that things can change. her message does not go unheard just as her own ideas have never gone unspoken. God-willing, we will see she gets back on her feet and go, to advocate for the rights shef deserve, with the power of the world behind her. We will see her reform her country and much more. we Thank her, for the inspiration she gave us all, by being a free-thinker, as much of a warrior as her namesake. The film I saw I recently saw an American movie which had impressed me much with its technical, screenplay and acting excellence. ?Witness? comes from Hollywood and it is an enjoyable crime thriller. ?Amish? is an old forgotten culture in Pennsylvania. They live secluded with their unchanged 18th Centuary culture away from the modern society. They live a peasant life without any modern gadgets. As Amish boy unconsciously becomes an eyewitness to a murder. Killers belong to the police force and are very powerful. An honest detective takes the responsibility of saving the little boy from the killers and busting the crime. He becomes successful ultimately. The main attraction of the film is the excellent picturisation of ? Amish? culture. Every frame brings out the elegant beauty of a forgotten innocence with a contrast of modern ? organised crime?. A small 5-years old boy, the ? witness? is no natural with his stunning performance. Their faith, clannish loyalty and social discipline are filmed with a visual perfection. No overacting, melodramatic scenes and unrealistic car-chase and fights. The effect of the story strikes our thoughts so forcefully but nowhere the characters overplay their emotions. Harrison Ford, as a leading character expresses the pain of knowing the killers in all his tired and agonized looks. Here crime is not glorified. Hard truth of responsible people turning into betrayers is depicted quite efficiently in this movie. I think of it often and imagine the scene clearly. Even if they come to kill me, I will tell them what they are trying to do is wrong, that education is our basic right. † â€Å"I have a new dream . . . I must be a politician to save this country. There are so many crises in our country. I want to remove these crises. † -Malala Yousafzai â€Å"They cannot stop me; I will get my education if it is in home, school or any place. † –Malala Yousafzai Malala Yousafzai is a 16 year old who has been advocating for women’s education in Pakistan since she was 11 when she wrote a pseudonymous blog for the BBC about her experiences living under Taliban rule. The Taliban controls the Swat Valley in Pakistan, and had attempted numerous times to prohibit women and girls from attending school. They have removed signs on school buildings and have even destroyed schools to prevent women from being educated. In her BBC blog, Yousafzai describes having to go to school while the streets echo with gunshots and being forced to stay at home because women were not allowed to attend schools, but studying anyway, even though she was unsure if she would be allowed to take her exams. In 2012 Yousafzai was riding on a bus home from school when she was shot in the neck and head by the Taliban in an assassination attempt. She survived this attack, and has continued to fight for women’s education in Pakistan. In an interview with Jon Stewart on â€Å"The Daily Show† from Oct. 9, 2013, Yousafzai said, â€Å"I used to think that the Talib would come, and he would just kill me. But then I said, ‘If he comes, what would you do Malala? ’ then I would reply to myself, ‘Malala, just take a shoe and hit him. ’ But then I said, ‘If you hit a Talib with your shoe, then there would be no difference between you and the Talib.’† â€Å"You must not treat others with cruelty and that much harshly, you must fight others, but through peace and through dialogue and through education. Then I said I will tell him how important education is and that ‘I even want education for your children as well. ’ And I will tell him, ‘That’s what I want to tell you, now do what you want,’† Yousafzai said . Despite being personally hunted down by the Taliban for her activism, Yousafzai continues to be wise well beyond her years. In 2011, she was nominated for the International Children’s Peace Prize and awarded the National Youth Peace Prize. Yousafzai also founded the Malala Education Foundation which assists underprivileged girls attend school. Next time you might consider skipping class because the weather is inconvenient or you did not finish your homework, just remember all that Yousafzai has done and been through for her education and the education of others. She took a bullet at point blank range because she wanted to learn and wanted others to have the right to learn as well. I think it will be okay if you have wet shoes during class once in a while. How to cite North-west Frontier Province and National Peace Award, Papers

Research Questions in Obstructive Pulmonary †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Research Questions in Obstructive Pulmonary. Answer: Introduction: According to (Guirguis et al 2016), the Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is mainly attributed to the limitation of the air flowing within the respiratory organs and its partially irreversible. The primary cause of the disease in the developed states is tobacco smoking and inhalation of outdoor and indoor contaminated airways. The other source is inhalation of occupational contaminated dust, respiratory infections and chronic bronchitis. The spirometry test is done to determine the FEV1/FVC. FEV1/FVC I do have a feeling that the chronic obstructive disease could be controlled in the best way if identified earlier. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in its late phase shows enfeeble effects on the morbidity and mortality. Many of the patients at this stage need oxygen treatment of the disease, regular hospitalization and support. The disease is the leading to high mortality rate globally. About 80-90 % of people who die of chronic obstructive disease are characterized by smoking. Approximately, 50% of old people who smoke develop the infection. The rest who don't smoke acquire the infection from the occupational contaminated dust or exposure to noxious genetic malfunction from the contaminated air inhalation like alpha-1 (Martinez,2016). The observation has made so far, the high rate of Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease prescription budget might increase. Kruis et al ( 2015) states that most people affected with the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are the old people. These patients most of the time will have short breath complaints, decreased confidence in their movement ability and increased anxiety. Thus, nurses need a vast knowledge in order to know how they can best treat the patients. Nurses should talk with the patients about their deteriorating ability to move and provide the best help that can improve their movement. At the final phase, the patient may turn down some advice like talking to the counsellor. Therefore, a decision should be made for anti-depressants therapy. Nurses are obliged in offering a recommendation that analyses and help in the disease management. The analysis should incorporate daily routines of the patient. The routines include, dressing, bathing, transferring and feeding. For instance, patients with disability, modification of their environment to decrease dyspnea. For example, the environmental mo dification can be achieved by introduction of chair glides on the stairs to ease their movements. Then nurses must avoid isolating the infected person with the society. The issue can be addressed by identifying social interaction resources. Best practices for chronic obstructive disease (COPD). Best practice Citation in CDU APA 6th Format Discuss with the patient on the anxiety of COPD at the final phase. (Celli et al 2015) Inputting therapy in the care of the patient like anti-depressants (Martinez et al 2015) Encourage the independence of the patient especially when he or she regains the strength. (McCarthy et al 2015) Encourage the continuous medication of the patient despite the side effects. (Pascoe et al 2015) Ensuring the patient is taking in the balanced diet (Soriano,2017). Monitor the output and input across 24hours in order to have the knowledge of any upcoming condition. (Miravitlles et al 2015) References Kruis, A. L., Boland, M. R., Assendelft, W. J., Gussekloo, J., Tsiachristas, A., Stijnen, T., ... Chavannes, N. H. (2014). Effectiveness of integrated disease management for primary care chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: results of cluster randomised trial. bmj, 349, g5392. Celli, B. R., Decramer, M., Wedzicha, J. A., Wilson, K. C., Agust, A., Criner, G. J., ... Vogelmeier, C. (2015). An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: research questions in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 191(7), e4-e27. Lange, P., Celli, B., Agust, A., Boje Jensen, G., Divo, M., Faner, R., ... Meek, P. (2015). Lung-function trajectories leading to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 373(2), 111-122. Martinez, F. J., Calverley, P. M., Goehring, U. M., Brose, M., Fabbri, L. M., Rabe, K. F. (2015). Effect of roflumilast on exacerbations in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease uncontrolled by combination therapy (REACT): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 385(9971), 857-866. McCarthy, B., Casey, D., Devane, D., Murphy, K., Murphy, E., Lacasse, Y. (2015). Pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Cochrane Library. Miravitlles, M., Price, D., Rabe, K. F., Schmidt, H., Metzdorf, N., Celli, B. (2015). Comorbidities of patients in tiotropium clinical trials: comparison with observational studies of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 10, 549. Pascoe, S., Locantore, N., Dransfield, M. T., Barnes, N. C., Pavord, I. D. (2015). Blood eosinophil counts, exacerbations, and response to the addition of inhaled fluticasone furoate to vilanterol in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a secondary analysis of data from two parallel randomised controlled trials. The lancet Respiratory medicine, 3(6), 435-442. Guirguis-Blake, J. M., Senger, C. A., Webber, E. M., Mularski, R. A., Whitlock, E. P. (2016). Screening for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: evidence report and systematic review for the US preventive services task force. Jama, 315(13), 1378-1393. Martinez, F. D. (2016). Early-life origins of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 375(9), 871-878. Soriano, J. B. (2017). An Epidemiological Overview of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: What Can Real-Life Data Tell Us about Disease Management?. COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 14(sup1), S3-S7.

Table Tennis free essay sample

Tennis sport got its start near the end of the 19th century in England. After dinner one night, some Victorians decided to turn their dinning room table into a miniature version of lawn tennis. They lines up books as a net, used lids from empty cigar boxes as rackets, and the ball was made from string (table tennis balls were also made from champagne corks or rubber). Started as an after dinner activity, over the years, table tennis would turn into a sport. The sport started out with many different names. Some called it â€Å"whif whaf† other called it â€Å" flim flam† other called it â€Å"gossamer†. The words chosen for the name were derived from the sounds that were made during the game. In 1901 it was registered by J. Jaques amp; Sons ltd as the sport called â€Å"ping pong†. It was later so to the Parker Brothers in the U. S. In 1920 the sport was revived, players supplemented celluloid balls as Ping Pong balls because they were a better fit for the game. The sport also adopted rubber on wooden paddles as rackets and a lower net to speed up the play of the game. Ping Pong changed into a more modern sport, one easier for everyone to play. The sport grew reaching out to the Asian countries; China, Korea, and Japan. From there the first world championship was held in London in 1927. Just before the event The ITTTF (international table tennis federation) was formed by a variety of European and Asian countries. In the 1960’s the French, Hungarians, and Swedish, professionally, ruled the sport. However, the Japanese and Chinese would soon rule the game. It started in 1952 a Japanese player named Horoi Satoh proposed the idea of a foam rubber paddle, which upped the speed of Ping Pong even more. The Japanese started putting spin on the ball, making it a game that required more skill to play. The spin technique introduced by the Japanese put mostly Japanese players at an advantage, thus the Japanese rule began. Afterwards the Chinese climbed to the top and ruled the sport up until the 1990’s, after the Swedish and Koreans in the 1988 Olympic games ended their domination. In the Cold war, China allowed nine American players into China to partake in the sport. These nine Americans were the first in China since the start of the Cold war. This was a sign that the Cold war was improving; it helped international relations with China. This brought two countries that were at odds together.

Psyc 410 essays Essays - American Psychological Association

Psyc 410 essays Essays - American Psychological Association You may write a 1,000-2,000 word book review on one of the books listed above (model: PsycCRITIQUES [see psychINFO]); examples, a guide to writing book reviews, and two brief good-writing guides are available at the Bb site. It will be worth 30 points (1 Test). If you write a book review AND take all 5 tests, I will throw out the lowest of the 6 scores. March Distinguish positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment. Distinguish the 3 forms of behaviorism. Phiscyoligiacal -padlock The purpose is to explain human Response , learning history, and reinforcements Methodlogical- It is something that scienece can not study and other peoples minds are private so you cant study their thoughts Radical behavior- skinner To exclude consiouness from psychology is a mistake that it should be included not just what you see Cognitive vs. non-cognitive theory Similarity and contiguity as laws of association Always automatic once they are associated The Blank Slate Not having any pre expose behaior Expose by herbet spencer he created this Which means evolution, where humans have the highest evolution. The bigger the brain the more the ideas The various patterns of temporal relation between CS and US If the condition stimulus is present from us stimulus it can then work the best Time can act as a condition stimulus as well Generalization and discrimination That the dog still answer to a type of tone as long as it is similar discrimination- when its completely different, if present a different stimulus they would present different shapes elipse and dog would learn to discrimante against if not presented with an award (reinformecment) Conditioning of excitation and inhibition Inhibition - goes to extinction when they thought the behavior was un learned by actually the dog di Conditioned emotional reaction Loud noise is associated with fear, kid and rat- see generalization, saw rabit scared too Law of Effect If you get a postive response they are more likey to do it again Pg 75 "Autonomous man" as attacked by Skinner sperates man from animal, with emtion, concepts and judements. He agrued against the theory. Shaping The graduall renforicemtn of an uncondition turing into condition Discriminated operant Pg 119 Partial reinforcement effect Pg 122 animals take longer to learn Tact, including self-tact and private tact Skinner concept Made up word he use for concept or idea for if you come in contact You absube what somebody is doing with their enviorment Self- we ask our self what we are doing, most people didn't like this concept Superstitious behavior Experiment done Pg 77 Hearst Skinner study it, but h. said Pigeon in a chamber- associated with reward Preparedness Cancer patient When they saw the nurse and doctor or the medication they became nauseous Animals do not associate sounds, its more taste Learned helplessness Pg 85 Criticize the traditional distinction of the 2 types of conditioning. Operant - skinner and thorndike 4.What did Thorndike mean when he said that reward "stamps in" an S-R connection? pg104 part of law and effect- without reward there is no 5.Be able to describe each major behavioral theorist's views on each of the basic issues about the nature and cause of learning. 6.Why did Skinner regard concepts such as " superego" or "habit strength" unnecessary in science? Because he is a behaviorist He believes that you cant prove it Pg 126 Habit strength- how long the response has been learned 7.What were Skinner's criticisms of existing methods in studying learning? Pg 124-125 8.How did Kohler and Voeks criticize claims that learning was a gradual process? Pg 78 He has worked with apes and found problem. Put a box in the room an apes would climb up and get banana and did this by insight 9.Distinguish positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment. 10.Contrast the stimulus substitution and cognitive theories of Pavlovian conditioning. Dogs would still come if not meat just by ring of the bell 11.How does Siegel explain drug addiction as a form of Pavlovian conditioning? Pg 91 12.What was the political appeal of the Blank Slate idea?Why are fears of refuting the Blank Slate idea misplaced? The video on sylabus- theory said that it supports the idea that you can create a good Appeal it because There would be no idenetiy and you cant change 13.How does Pinker link decline in elite art to the rise of belief in the Blank Slate idea? Pg 78 14. Define and give examples of the continuity and discontinuity views of learning. 15.Describe E.R. Guthrie's position on learning and how he believed tasks were learned, using an example. 16. Describe the two theories used to explain partial reinforcement and name

Organizational Effectiveness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organizational Effectiveness - Essay Example e employees of a Company are motivated and through their efforts, succeed in transforming the prospective client who enters into a business transaction with an organization into an active and loyal customer.(Dufour and Maisonnas, 1997). Customer loyalty is vital because retaining the existing customer is less expensive as compared to wooing new customers. Traditional hierarchical systems of leadership are yielding way to transformational leadership. The older systems were stiff and bureaucractic, often impacting negatively upon the organization by bogging down the timely delivery of efficient service and implementation of policy decisions. But transformational leaders operate along a more diffused style of networking within the organization. They have vision, realize the need for change and inspire others to work cooperatively towards a common goal. (McCollum 2005). Therefore, organizational structure needs to be changed to introduce more networking rather than a hierarchical framewo rk. Customer loyalty is conditioned to a great extent by (a) the level of service received as a function of the expectations of the customer and his perception of the service given to him (Parasuram et al, 1994). Understanding and anticipating present and future customer expectations must be a vital part of organizational strategy in order to ensure maximum efficiency in the provision of service.(Szeinbach et al,1997). Therefore, to improve organizational effectiveness, the model must also incorporate measures to assess customer expectations through a detailed analysis of customer preferences and knowledge of market trends. Furthermore, the model may also incorporate additional measures such as bonuses and incentives to encourage existing customers to stay loyal to the Company. Regular customers provide free. Word of mouth publicity for a business, they are less expensive to service because they are already familiar with existing company procedures and satisfied with the Company’ s

Discrimination in the Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Discrimination in the Workplace - Essay Example Therefore being able to show the adverse impact plays a very vital role in discriminatory practice allegations. This adverse impact refers to the total employment process. Those result in a significantly higher percentage of a protected group in the population being rejected for employment, placement or promotion. Along with the above we also need to consider that unfair treatment does not necessarily equal illegal discrimination. If an individual is treated differently from the others than the EEO (Equal Employment Opportunity laws) are being violated. there can be a few specific kinds of discrimination taking place such as discrimination on the basis of cast color or creed , discrimination on the basis of age , sexual discrimination , disability discrimination etc It is quite obvious that if we have employees facing discrimination issues at work and we as management have been unable to recognize or rectify those we can expect the productivity to go down seriously. All of this affects the human mind which in turn affects the human behaviors and perception. Contributing further to the problem is the fact that most victims of discrimination do not sue or complain. Instead they quit or try to avoid situations wherein they would feel discriminated. The discriminators sometimes do not even realize that their behavior is offending others. So in this regard Workplace discrimination training and policies can reduce these problems. In order for us to be able to deal with discrimination effectively we need to follow the simple steps of: Initially becoming aware of the anti discrimination laws, also becoming aware of how you can identify such occurrences at your workplace and try a put an end to them. Secondly, paying very close attention to what exactly the environment is at your workplace then again it being vital that you are able to identify the discrimination occurring at your workplace. You as the management have to be very careful in assessing what is going on around you that are not too visible. In other words try reading between the lines. If you are deciding to give appraisals to a few employees in specific, make sure that all the employees get equal benefit out of your decision.

Static Channel Versus Dynamic Channel Allocation Systems Computer Science Essay

Static Channel Versus Dynamic Channel Allocation Systems Computer Science Essay Abstract- Channel Allocation Schemes have always held a vital role in achieving better performance of wireless networks. This paper has studied the comparison between two of the most known techniques of channel allocation namely: Static Channel Allocation and Dynamic Channel Allocation. The comparison is made over two types of networks single radio network, in which each of wireless node is equipped with only one radio interface, and multi radio network, in which each of the node is equipped with at least two transceivers. This paper presents the detail survey of all the existing comparison made between these two schemes. Keywords- Channel Allocation Scheme, Dynamic Channel Allocation, Static Channel Allocation, Single radio network, Multi-radio network Introduction Growth in the customers of the wireless networks, let it be cellular systems or any other Wireless network, has amplified the need to have the networks which can have more capacity and accommodate more and more users. Enlargement of wireless market has made capacity of the wireless network a scarce resource. Methods to improve effective capacity utilization of the wireless network are under consideration and in [4], it is realized that these methods involve source coding schemes, power control, better modulation schemes, improved antennas. Other then these methods capacity of wireless system can be improved by installing more bas stations i.e increasing number of transmitting equipment or improving hardware equipment of current system. Using better channel allocation schemes is also one of the methods to improve capacity utilization of wireless network. The aim of this paper is to focus on channel allocation schemes. These channel allocation schemes are not much of importance in the wired networks because their topology is stable and they do not offer any mobility to the users/nodes. But in the wireless networks, channel allocation of key importance. The vital role of the wireless networks is that they offer mobility to users hence, the channel allocation algorithm has to assign channels to ports and portables so that best trade-off between the quality of service and system performance is maintained [3]. A given spectrum of frequency, can be divided into several independent sets, these independent sets are completely disjoint with each other. Hence even if they are used simultaneously, they will not interfere with each other. So splitting the frequency spectrum into independent channels and then using all the channels for communication simultaneously present improvement in the capacity utilization [6]. The channel allocation strategy is considered to be the core of mobile networks because it not only affects the quality and the availability of the channels to the user but changes the distribution of the traffic and hence, overall shapes the capacity of the network [3]. Two of the most common channel allocation schemes are considered in this paper namely, FCA- Fixed Channel Assignment or Fixed Channel Allocation and DCA- Dynamic Channel Allocation. Fixed Channel Allocation (FCA) Fixed Channel Allocation is also known as Static Channel Allocation. It is known as Fixed or Static because once the channel is allocated to a port or a user it does not change for the entire course of operation. It is used in all TDMA/FDMA digital cellular mobile networks [5] as number of frequency carriers in each cell stays fixed and does not depend on traffic load. It is a time insensitive solution, as with the passage of time allocation of the channels to nodes does not change. Although in real-time, traffic load in a cell varies, there are peak hours when the traffic load reaches to almost 100% and then there are quiet hours in a cell when traffic load is very low. This limitation dispirits the use of the FCA. But if a static condition is considered there is most likely a chance to get good performance with this channel allocation algorithm [3]. In a cellular system based on the FCA, channels are partitioned among the cells permanently so that if all the cells use all the channels assigned to them simultaneously, there will be no interference [1]. Figure cell pattern for Static Channel Allocation with N = 7 With more complex systems other channel strategies can achieve higher efficiency but they require processors with more memory. But it is an essential sacrifice to make as in [4] it is discussed that in each cell there are no static conditions, space traffic imbalance varies from 10% to 70%, and this imbalance in the traffic depends on the size of the cell or service area and type of the environment, whether its urban, suburban or rural area [4]. Dynamic Channel Allocation (DCA) In DCA, frequency channels are not fixed for any node or user. Depending upon knowledge of the environment, channels are assigned to the user. The distribution of the frequency carriers in a cell depends upon distribution of the users/nodes in the cell and also on offered traffic load. DCA is currently supported by the GSM [5]. In Dynamic Channel Allocation Scheme all the channels which are available for a system, are kept in a queue or a spool. These channels are allocated to any cell temporarily. The only constraint is to fulfil the distance criteria, so that interference can be minimized [2]. The existing schemes for the Dynamic Channel Allocation can be categorized into three main types: IA-DCA (Interference Adaptive Dynamic Channel Allocation), LA-DCA (Location Adaptive Dynamic Channel Allocation) and TA-DCA (Traffic Adaptive Dynamic Channel Allocation), these schemes are based on the type of network dynamics they consider while making decision [4]. All DCA schemes basically evaluate the cost of using each available channel and opts the channel which introduces lowest cost [2]. For most accurate and good decision for channel allocation, the algorithm should have accurate knowledge of the environment [3]. The main algorithms which are considered under the study of Dynamic Channel Allocation are: DCET, Bellcore and Segregation DCA [3]. In DCET and Bellcore DCA algorithms, the decision of channel allocation is based on only single measurement of channel dynamics, while in the Segregation DCA, a radio interface acquires the channel depending upon its learning through past experience of channel usage. With the past knowledge, channel which has highest probability of success is chosen for operation. Although this algorithm requires processors with memory yet as decision is more meaningful so its performance is better than the DCET and Bellcore DCA algorithms [3]. In figure 2, in [7] results of performance of different type of DCA schemes are compared. Figure Performance of Different DCA methods Section II of the paper compares both of the channel allocation schemes in a single radio network and Section III shares the comparison done of channel allocation schemes in multi-radio network. Section IV shares the identified regions in which future work can be done and Section V concludes the paper. Comparison of DCA and FCA in Single Radio Network A single radio network a network in which all of the nodes of the wireless network consist of maximum of one radio interface and this single radio interface is used for the communication purposes. In this section the comparison of the DCA and FCA in single radio network is presented. Figure Algorithms for Dynamic Channel Allocation In a given cell, if a node requests a call, it will be served only and only if the cell has an unused channel available, which fulfils the reuse criteria, otherwise the call will be blocked [1]. Such is the case with Static Channel Allocation Scheme. But this is not the case with the Dynamic Channel Allocation Schemes, as for each of the call that is to be served; channel is taken from the overall pool that holds all the channels available for wireless system. In any channel allocation strategy, main aim is to find the best possible way to reuse the channels to maximize the systems capacity, while keeping interference in the system at minimum and provide quality of service to the user [4]. From another view, for allocating channel, the objective is taken as to allocate the channel to a call so that number of blocked calls is minimized and the number of dropped calls is also minimized. In the end, the channel allocation scheme finds the best trade-off between these two objectives because generally priority is given to minimize the number of dropped calls, as having a call dropped is more undesirable then not having the call connected at all [1]. Both schemes for channel allocation FCA and DCA are compared under the assumption that the call arrival distribution is Poisson [5]. For the purpose of modelling in FCA it is considered that there are z numbers of channels per frequency carrier and y is the number of control channels. In a given cell i, let total number of frequency carrier be Ci and the total number of channels in the cell, which will be used to serve a call will be ci. The expression for ci is given as: (1) While this will not be the case for DCA, as frequency carriers are not permanently assigned to any of the cell. As the channel assignment depends on environment so, if we take n as the number of active calls in any cell, then frequency carriers allocated to that cell will be: (2) Total number of channels required, for any cell should be equal to the number of active calls and the control channels. But the number of frequency carriers which has z number of channels each should be either more or equal than actually required [5]. In equation (2), shows that value is always taken equal or greater than a [5]. For the first simulation, the arrival rate of the calls is set at the overload value; this means that the overload period is considered where the numbers of calls initiated per minute are more than the actual capacity of the system. The observation made over here is that, under heavy traffic load, efficiency of the network or the channel utilization and capacity of the network does not improve by using DCA instead of FCA. Although it was considered as the fact that DCA will always perform better than FCA. Figure Effect of the handover on FCA and DCA In figure 4, the phenomenon observed is known as phenomenon of low capacity island [5]. Under heavy load, no benefit is achieved by using DCA, as in such a scenario both of the schemes will be utilizing capacity to the full extent. Rather DCA may perform worse than FCA. The reason is that due to dynamic channel allocation, a cell may borrow some of the frequency channels form the neighbouring cells during the low traffic period and the neighbouring cell does not get the channel back. The cell which has obtained the channel is let us say known as the lucky cell, and the cell which donated the channel and in the end, was unable to get it back is known as unlucky cell [5]. Now during the high load traffic period, if lucky cell wants to handover the call to a neighbouring unlucky cell. But as the unlucky cell would already be out of available channels to be able to serve the call, call will be dropped. Hence under such a scenario the drop out probability of dynamic channel allocation sch eme would be higher than static channel allocation algorithm. Other simulation is to find out the effect of the arrival rate on call blocking probability. Arrival rate is the number of calls initiated per minute. Through simulation, it is concluded that DCA performed better if the traffic load is within the range 0.6 to 0.9 Erlang/BS/Channel. (figure 5) Figure Analysis of DCA and FCA, call blocking ratio with respect to the arrival rate of the calls During the next case it was considered that arrival rate is Poisson and the other parameters like handover rate and call holding time etc are evenly distributed all over the cell. From the figure 6 it is clear that as probability of call blocking increases with the increase in the arrival rate of calls. Which is fairly obvious, more are the number of the users which are to be served, there is more likely a chance that some of them may not be able to get a free channel. Figure Performance analysis of FCA and DCA, Arrival rate of calls with respect to the over all blocking probability Under such consideration as can be observed from the figure 6, DCA performs better than FCA, as in case of congestion in a cell, DCA can borrow channels from the neighbouring cells but in case of FCA, the scheme has no option but to reject the oncoming calls in case of congestion. Figure 7 shows the amount of traffic carried by FCA and DCA according to the traffic load. Figure comparison between FCA and DCA with respect to the carried traffic under the traffic load Figure 8 shows the performance of the channel allocation schemes when traffic imbalance is considered. It is observed that network capacity to carry data, in case of FCA, reduces significantly when data imbalance is considered. But in case of DCA, there is no significant degradation in networks capacity to carry the data. There is also significant increase in the number of calls blocked by FCA, because of the increase in the traffic imbalance. But as the carried capacity does not decrease much in case of the DCA, there is not much of the increment in number of the blocked calls. Figure FCA Vs. DCA, effect of the traffic imbalance on the both channel allocation techniques Comparison of DCA and FCA in Multi Radio Network A multi radio network is the type of the network where each node is equipped with at least two or more than two transceivers. Fixed Channel Allocation in Multi-radio network It is pointed out in [14], throughput and overall performance of wireless networks decreases with increased density of radios, but major reason for this problem is that these radios do not transmit the data simultaneously as the nodes are generally configured with single radios only and this factor basically limits the forwarding capacity of the network. In [15], the authors have emphasized that with the introduction of more than one NIC (Network interface cards) in wireless networks, performance of the system can be improved 6 to 7 times, instead of just doubling the performance. The same phenomenon has been confirmed in [16]. There has been much work done, in which the performance gain in wireless mesh networks with multiple interfaces is discussed as compared to single radio interface network. In [13], capacity gain between single radio, dual radio and multi-radio wireless mesh networks is compared and realistically the gain achieved by having multiple radio interfaces in the network has been discussed. Apart from that, in [17], authors have proposed that with implementation of multi-radio Diversity approximately 2.3 times performance gain is measured in the single radio network. Under the multi-radio scenario, one important factor is to consider proper channel assignment. Each of the radios should be tuned to a frequency through which the throughput of the whole network is maximized. The introduction of multiple radios is not without the trade off of increased complexity of channel assignment schemes and the traffic allocation methods [20] and apart from that, more work is done in this domain. In [10], [8], [19], the authors have proposed some approaches to get maximum possible throughput by different channel assignment algorithms. The concept of the Static Channel Allocation in this section is extended to Wireless Mesh Networks, as before the start of the operation in the wireless mesh networks the channels are properly allocated and then till the end of the operation, the channel assignment does not change. In this section, multi-radio wireless mesh network is considered and it is observed that how by having multiple radio interfaces the performance of the network improves. Figure Performance of the FCA algorithms with 3 channels Figure 9 shows the impact of the different algorithms for the channel allocation in the three channel scheme [8]. Figure performance of the FCA algorithms with 12 channels Figure 10 shows the impact of the different algorithms for the channel allocation in the twelve channel scheme [8]. Figure 11 shows that with different channel allocation algorithms, how the increment in number of interfaces per node impacts the performance of network. In all algorithms it is observed that with the increase in number of radio interfaces per node, throughput of wireless networks improves [9]. Figure FCA algorithm comparison with different number of radio interfaces per node Figure effect of increased number of interfaces per node on the over all normalized broadcast latency In figure 12, it is shown that with different channel allocation schemes for multi-interface wireless mesh network, normalized latency for broadcast decreases with the increase in number of radio interfaces per node [9]. In figure 13, it is simulated that with the increase in the number of interfaces per node, there is not an unlimited increment in capacity utilization. Multi radios are used so that in a network there could be as many concurrent transmissions as possible. But even this has a limit to it. In [10], it is shown that after achieving the maximum level of capacity utilization, even after by adding more number of radio interfaces in a network, no advantage is gained. Figure capacity degradation with increase in the number of radio interfaces per node Figure Effect of the number of channels and multiple radio interfaces on the throughput In figure 14, it is shown that as long as the number of the available channels in a cell; are more than the number of interfaces per node, with increase in number of radios per node, throughput of the network will increase [11]. Figure throughput increment of a network by increased number of the interfaces per node In figure 15, it is shown that under a proper channel assignment and routing method, with more number of interfaces per node, the throughput of the system improves considerably [12]. In [13], as shown in figure 16 and 17, performance of fixed channel allocation scheme is compared in detail with respect to single radio network and the multi-radio network. Figure overall network capacity increment with more number of radio interfaces present at each node In figure 16, it is proved that the capacity of the overall system improves with the usage of multiple radios per node. Figure capacity of each AP with multiple interfaces per node Comparison between single radio to the multiple radios In figure 17, per Access Point capacity is simulated to have comparison between multi-radio interface per node and single radio interface per node. Dynamic Channel Allocation in Multi-radio Network: There has been little work which proves the introduction of multiple interfaces while using the Dynamic Channel Allocation provides any performance up-gradation. Analytically it is assumed that, as the introduction of multi-interfaces in wireless mesh networks improves performance, similarly the performance of networks using Dynamic Channel Allocation can be improved by introducing more than one interface on a single node. Some of the analysed parameters, which show the relative improvement in performance, are listed below: Parameter I: Improvement in the throughput of the system: In a single radio cognitive network, as shown in figure 18, the node D has two data packets of equal size in its internal queue, one for node C and one for node. Nodes E and C are at the equal distance d from the node D but are tuned at different channels. In this particular case each packet will take time t to reach the destination. Even if we neglect the switching time, cognitive radio present at D will take to switch from one channel to the other channel, the time taken to completely transmit both of the packets will be t+t = 2t. Figure Single Radio Network Now even if the same network topology is considered but now consider that each of the nodes is equipped with two interfaces (figure 19). Node D will be able to transmit both of the packets simultaneously to node C and node E, considering that interface 1 is tuned to the channel on which communication with node E is possible and interface 2 is tuned to the frequency over which communication with node C is possible. In this case there will be no delay caused by the switching of the channel. Figure Multi-interface radio network Figure Effect of channel switching Conclusion: The transmission time is decreased with the factor of N, where N is the number of interface each of the node will have. Throughput is improved with the factor of N. Parameter II: Latency of the network will decrease: With the introduction of the multiple interfaces in the cognitive radio network, latency of the network will decrease. Figure Multi-hop Single interface Wireless Network Initially considering the multi-hop scenario, considering an intermediate node, it has to receive an incoming transmission on channel 1 and then it has to tune its radio to the channel 2 to be able transmit the received transmission to the destination node. Latency of such network will consist of: Transmitting time of packet over channel 1 from source node to intermediate node: t1 Transmitting time of packet over channel 2 from intermediate node to destination node: t2 Switching time required for the interface on intermediate node to switch from channel 1 to channel 2: t3 Hence the total latency of such a system will be: t1+ t2+ t3 Figure Multi-hop Multi interface Wireless Network Now comparing the previous scenario with the one in which each of the node is equipped with at least two interfaces. Now on the intermediate node interface 1 will be tuned to channel 1 and interface 2 will be tuned to channel 2. If there is an incoming transmission on channel 1 and it is to be transmitted to the channel 2, the total latency will be: Transmitting time of packet over channel 1 from source node to intermediate node: t1 Transmitting time of packet over channel 2 from intermediate node to destination node: t2 Hence the total latency of such a system will be: t1+ t2 The switching time will not be considered over here; hence comparatively the latency is decreased with the introduction of another interface on the cognitive radio node. Conclusion: The latency factor is dependent on switching time of the cognitive radio. This factor comes into effect with more dominance with increase in the number of hops in the multi-hop network. Latency can be greatly reduced with the introduction of multi interfaces on the cognitive radio network. Parameter III: Connectivity of the network will improve: The probability of isolation of any node in a network will be reduced with the introduction of the multi-interfaces in the cognitive radio network. Figure Single interface node with the available channels Considering the scenario, in figure 23, where a secondary network has four channels available for its utilization, now for a given condition, all radio interfaces are tuned to either one of the channel 1, 2 or 3. If a single interface chooses channel 4, it will be isolated from the rest of the network. Assuming that the probability of opting for such a channel is p then the overall probability of getting a node isolated from the rest of the network will be p. Figure Multi-Interface node with the available channels Now for multiple interfaces, a node will only be separated if both the interfaces of a single node choose channel 4. A node will be isolated if and only if: Interface 1 chooses channel 4 AND interface 2 chooses channel 4 P2 As according to the probability rules p Conclusion: The probability of isolating a node, is decreased with the factor of N [N is the number of radios] as compared to the probability of node isolation in case of single interface cognitive radio networks. Here mutual independence among the DCA algorithms running on both of the radio interfaces is considered, but this is not generally the case. The performance of a cognitive radio network is strictly dependent on the number of cognitive radios present in its vicinity [21]. Figure Improvement in throughput using multiple radios Figure Improvement in throughput of the network with multiple radio using different number of available channels Figure 25 and 26 shows the throughput improvement gained by the introduction of multiple radios as compared to a single radio and in both of the figures different number of available channels are considered [24]. Comparison: Up till so far, none of the research has been carried out to find out whether any advantage is gained by deploying Dynamic Channel Allocation scheme in the multi-radio wireless network domain as compared to the implementation of the Fixed Channel Assignment algorithm. Considering the study made regarding the performance improvement gained by fixed channel allocation scheme and dynamic channel allocation scheme in multi-radio wireless network, there could be several hypotheses made. The complexity of implementation of Dynamic Channel Allocation algorithm will be more than that of Fixed Channel Allocation algorithm. Although the same is true in case of single radio network, but in case of the Multi-radio network, the complexity increment will be more significant. The reason can be taken as if the spectrum view of a single interface of a node changes in multi-radio network, for the similar node the situation changes for the other interfaces as well [21]. The performance improvement obtained by implementation of the Dynamic Channel Allocation algorithm as compared to the Fixed Channel Allocation in the multi-radio will have similar effects as it has in the Single radio network. The same effect on the throughput of the system, data carrying capacity and the effect of the traffic load and traffic imbalance will be observed. Another important factor that can be predicted because of the observation made via simulation figures is as the performance of the wireless network depends upon the density of the nodes in a network. As compared to the Fixed Channel Allocation Scheme, Dynamic Channel Allocation Algorithms will be more sensitive to the density of the network [23]. There will be no matter of connectivity in case the Fixed Channel Assignment Scheme is deployed on the wireless network. As before the point of operation with FCA, it is made sure that all of the nodes are connected and none of the node is left isolated. With the Dynamic Channel Allocation there will still be a small probability that a node can get isolated from the rest of the network. In the Fixed Channel Allocation for the multi-radio wireless network the distribution of radio interfaces do not matter for the performance. But in case of the DCA, better performance can be improved if radio interface distribution on the nodes is not uniform. DCA will perform better if the first hop nodes have more number of radio interfaces than rest of the network nodes [22]. Future Work The points raised, during this study are just concluded through observation and analytically studying the response of the Fixed Channel Allocation Algorithm in the Multi-Radio network and Dynamic Channel Allocation Algorithm in Multi-Radio Network. These observations can be further improved by using proper simulating tools. Conclusion In the single radio wireless network, DCA exhibits better performance than FCA. The same behaviour is predicted for the multi-radio wireless network, but with the increased complexity. And much better performance can be achieved by taking care of the distribution of the radios in the network. Still it should be considered that there will not be infinite performance gain obtained by using multi-radio network and DCA. The limitation imposed is that number of channels available to a cell should always be greater than the number of interfaces per node has.

Islam in Bed with Europe in “My Son the Fanatic” Essay

My Son the Fanatic is a film that addresses the cultural conflict of both Islamic integration in into Europe and English culture, as well as the relationship that arises between a father and his Muslim son when the child grows up to become an Islamic fundamentalist. (Udayan Prasad, 1997, England; screenplay by Hanif Kureishi) A Pakistani cab driver in a Northern English town has an affair with a prostitute and chauffeurs her and her colleagues to make extra money. When his son becomes an Islamic fundamentalist and joins in an effort to clean up vice in the town, the family’s loyalties and beliefs are tested. This film completely tests the conflict that exists with Islam encountering the European world through migrations and cultural development. Kureishi reveals the core conflict of the reality of English sexual revolution of the 60’s encountering Islamic sexual regression of the present era. In the New York Time’s article â€Å"My Beautiful London†, author Rachel Donadio, notes, â€Å"One of the most revealing insights into Britain’s recent social history comes early in â€Å"My Son the Fanatic,† Hanif Kureishi’s tender and darkly prescient 1997 film. It’s morning in an unnamed city in northern England, and Parvez, a secular Pakistani immigrant taxi driver brilliantly portrayed by Om Puri, watches Farid, his increasingly devout college-age son, sell his electric guitar. † The essence of this cultural conflict between Islamic and Western English culture can be seen in both in how the filmmaker and the central character, the taxi driver Parvez and his son Farid, are raised. They are both brought up by mullahs and nuns alike which reveals the complex nature of multicultural issues a Muslim immigrant might encounter living in Europe. The potential for plot development is endless as the director notes â€Å"You can’t ask people to give up their religion; that would be absurd,† he wrote in The Guardian. But hard-line views might modify â€Å"as they come into contact with other ideas. † That was the essence of â€Å"effective multiculturalism†: not a superficial exchange of festivals and foods driven by liberal guilt, but something else entirely — an encounter with human desires in all their complexity. Higson poses the question in his article â€Å"The Limiting Imagination of National Cinema,† â€Å"When is a cinema ‘national’? , asks Susan Hayward (1993: 1). As if in answer, Crofts delineates several different types of ‘national’ cinema that have emerged in different historical circumstances (1993, 1998). They have performed quite distinct functions in relation to the state (Higson, p63). Hanif Kureishi’s work â€Å"My Son the Fanatic† fits this description exactly. The Film is historical and has an effect on multicultralism through its relevance and relation to England and the happenings of the ‘state. ’ In also being historical, â€Å"My son the Fanatic is also a product of National Cinema†, as â€Å"Proclamations of national cinema are thus in part one form of internal cultural colonialism: it is, of course, the function of institutions—and in this case national cinemas—to pull together diverse and contradictory discourses, to articulate a contradictory unity, to play a part in the hegemonic process of achieving consensus, and containing difference and contradiction Higson p. 139). Islamic law is formally composed of literal translations of Arab tribal customs and ancient Muslim traditions as well as the Koran, and quotes from the Islamic prophet Muhammad as well as his predecessors. â€Å"When you get down to it, there are two types of people in Kureishi’s work: those running toward sex and those running away from it (p. 6)† In the film Parvez’s son Farid notes that he is seeking â€Å"Belief, purity, belonging to the past,† and then he notes â€Å"I won’t bring up my children in this country. † This represents the classh between what is now his fundamentalist beliefs through devotion to Islam and the clash European cultures poses on those beliefs. Farid sees no way both ways of life can exist together. Likewise, Parvez represents the embodiment of a westernized Muslim, so much so that he can’t identitfy with son. In the film this conversation boils up into a conflict in which Parvez begins to beat his son repeatedly, until his son shouts to him â€Å"who’s the fanatic now? † A major motif of the film that Kureishi mentions in his interview, is the concept of old Sharia law and the ancient traditions of the past being re-imposed on a post-sexual revolution present. Kurishi points this intergenerational drama out as ironic when he says, It perplexed me that young people, brought up in secular Britain, would turn to a form of belief that denied them the pleasures of the society in which they lived,(Donp. 7 he goes on to pinpoint that exact issue that faces the relationship for shared for young people concerning Islam and western culture to date when he says, â€Å"the West, the Nietzschean project, has been to drive out religion and to produce a secular society in which men and women make their own values because morality is gone. Then suddenly radical religion returns from the Third World. How can you not laugh at that? How can you not find that a deep historical irony? † This irony Kureishi speaks of is the main theme of the film. In Richard Dyer’s essay The White Man’s Muscle, he talks about stereotypes that have been enforced connecting as far back as the Greek era, and that now dominate film and television basically promoting the superiority of white masculinity. Body hair is animalistic; hair ¬lessness connotes striving above nature. The climax of Gli amori di Ercole has Hercules fighting a giant ape, who has previously behaved in a King Kong-ish way towards Hercules’s beloved Dejanira, stroking her hair and when she screams making as if to rape her; close-ups contrast Hercules’s smooth, hairless muscles with the hairy limbs of this racist archetype. (Dyer) Here Dyer points out how the uppermost essence of masculinity is equated with shaven white muscle, through its very contrast to that of hair apes, who are historically associated with blackness. He acknowledges the racist aspects of this archetype, but also gives notice to the private boys’ club-like tradition that has formed from this prejudice. This mentality demonstrates the epitome of the world in which A state agency for assessing public religious schools had given a top rating to a Muslim school that was advocating a return to the Caliphate; the interior minister at the time, Jack Straw, came under fire for suggesting that it might be difficult for a community-relations functionary to meet with constituents who wear a full veil; an Indian woman living in England was lured back to India and murdered in an honor killing; the archbishop of Canterbury said he thought England might consider making some accommodation for Shariah, or Islamic law. What, I wondered, did Kureishi make of all this? (,p. 7) â€Å"There aren’t any answers to these questions,† he replied. â€Å"They’re just questions that everybody has to engage in and think about. What is it like to make a multicultural society? How far do you go in multiculturalism? Do you have parts of the country under Shariah law, for instance? What would that mean? How does that work? You have to take this stuff seriously. † (p. 7) In sum, â€Å"My Son the Fanatic† is potent with cultural complexity and relevance. The film speaks volumes about current issues facing the Western world today as well as those being posed by, and imposed upon the Middle East. One can’t see this film and overlook the tension brewing between the two cultures of the Muslim world and the Christian European environment in which it finds itself. The film does an excellent job of providing authentic interpretation for a conflict that is undyingly relevant and prevailingly influential in today’s socioeconomic and political climate. Work Cited Bordwell & Thompson â€Å"Film History† 2004 Donadio, Rachel â€Å"My Beautiful London† New York Times August 8, 2008 Dyer, Richard â€Å"The White Man’s Muscles† in White London Higson, & Fowler, Catherine. â€Å"The European Cinema Reader† London New York Ptacek, J. , & Dodge, K. Coping Strategies and Relationship Satisfaction in Couples. The Society for Personality and Social Psychology, 21(1), (1995). 76-84. Savran, David. (1998). â€Å"Taking It Like a Man: White Masculinity, Masochism, and Contemporary American Culture. † 380 pp.